The painting depicts Judith in the act of cutting off the head of the Assyrian general Holofernes who was besieging the city of Betula. The Jewish heroine, assisted by the slave Abra, who actively participates in the beheading, embodies chastity and moral strength. Compared to most of the painters of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, who chose for the representation of this biblical episode the moment of the escape of the two women from the enemy camp after the assassination, or Judith who triumphantly shows the head of Holofernes, Gentileschi chose the the most dramatic moment, namely that of the beheading, taking inspiration from the famous canvas with the same subject by Caravaggio now in Palazzo Barberini. The painting was also related to the trauma suffered by the painter, who in 1611 was raped by her colleague, Agostino Tassi. It is an early work, performed in Rome between 1612 and 1613, as evidenced by the strong naturalistic imprint that is accompanied by some uncertainties in the composition and anatomy. The version preserved in the Uffizi is considered by experts to be later than this one. The rigid position of the Judith's arm finds a direct reference in the homonymous painting by Caravaggio, while the figure of Holofernes denotes the knowledge of the work with an analogous subject by Rubens, as well as that depicting David and Goliath of his father, Orazio Gentileschi. Some copies of the painting and a smaller version on blackboard preserved in the Archbishop's Palace in Milan are known.