The vertical sundial in true solar time is made up of a marble slab (white Carrara) on which the reference marks and the hours are engraved. The clock with Italic hours is located on the wall facing exactly south-west of the central building of the Observatory. The clock indicates how many hours have passed since sunset the previous evening (horae ab occasionu Solis). This system of counting the hours has spread throughout the Mediterranean basin since the 11th century AD, with the penetration of Arab culture in Europe. This system was the only one in use in Italy until almost the whole of the last century: hence the name "Italic". A brass rod called "orthostyle" is fixed perpendicularly to the marble slab. The rod generates a line of shadow in the light of the sun, the extreme point of which provides these indications: the hours elapsed since the sunset of the previous evening, the seasons, true solar noon and duration of the diurnal arc.