The fetishes were used to produce bill for driving. It is one of the oldest and most widespread spells, traces of it can be found since the Paleolithic, and is based on the general principle of similarity: as the effigy is pierced, so it should happen in the intended victim. Pins, nails or other sharp objects fixed in statuettes or other things in which the personality of the individual to be offended has been transfused would produce pain, disease and death.

Edward Jenner (1749 - 1823) was a brilliant English doctor and researcher who was responsible for the discovery of vaccination against smallpox as a method to defeat infectious diseases by preventing the contagion of healthy subjects. On May 14, 1796, Jenner inoculated into the arm of an 8-year-old boy a small amount of purulent material taken from the wounds of a woman suffering from smallpox Vaccino, the form of smallpox that affected cattle and - in a mild form - also farmers. The child had no trouble and Jenner demonstrated that the child had become immune to the human form of smallpox. This practice was given the name of vaccination.

The cannula was introduced into a hole previously made in the abdomen, about four fingers below the navel on the left. This hole, made with great care so as not to affect any veins, had to be no more than a third of a finger deep, until it reached the perforation of the peritoneum. The lamellar disc placed at one end was used to introduce the cannula to the right depth, avoiding excessive penetration.

Controlled detachment coils (now known as Guglielmi Detachable Coils) were introduced in the 1980s by the neurosurgeon Guido Guglielmi, as an alternative to the endovascular treatment of cerebral aneurysms.

It is a platinum-tungsten alloy coil attached to a stainless steel release guide wire. These coils are released into the aneurysm via a micro-catheter that is inserted through the femoral artery of the leg and gently advanced to the brain. The micro-catheter is advanced into the aneurysm itself, and the coils are then released sequentially.

Once the coils are released into the aneurysm, the blood flow inside the aneurysm is impaired and slowed down, which leads to thrombosis of the aneurysm and therefore its embolization.

In the work of Girolamo Fabrizi d'Acquapendente (1537-1619), Pentateuchos surgicum (1592), there are two tables in which a figure defined Oplomoclion is reproduced in every detail, whose limbs and body parts are made up of as many prosthetic appliances. These life-size prostheses, gathered together, summarize orthopedics of the 16th century and form a sort of synoptic table of the 'perfect orthopedic': each single piece represents the way to heal the respective fracture or orthopedic injury.

Developed in 1830 in Würzburg by Bernhard Heine (1800 - 1846), the osteotome was a device designed to make it easier to cut bone, without using a hammer or chisel. The first device was a simple hand-held tool that could be used to carve the skull with greater precision than other types of knives and saws; in fact it was initially used for trepanation, since with it it was possible to drill a hole of any size, in which the dura mater was less easily injured. Subsequently, techniques were developed that made it possible to use this tool at other levels, such as in the bone structures of the arms and legs. The surgeon could therefore resect the bone without splintering it, perform craniotomies with smooth-edged holes without damaging the surrounding tissue. The osteotome has often been used in medical care facilities, as well as on battle fronts for the treatment of patients who required the removal of a portion of bone for their survival. Currently, the use of an evolved form of the device is specifically detected in dentistry.

From a structural point of view, the instrument consists of a chain saw, made up of articulated teeth and driven by a handlebar wheel, so that it can be applied to the bone to be removed.

"Such an instrument is composed of a linen or silk cord, to which, as you can see, a lead weight is attached which, after being struck, if the string is long, the movement of the weight will be slower and less frequent, if the string is short, its movement will be faster and more frequent. Therefore, when we want to measure the pulse rate, we guide the weight with our fingers, lengthening or shortening the string until we reach the point where the movement of the weight exactly coincides with the movement of the arterial wrist " from Santorio S., Commentaria in primam Fen first books Canonis Avicennae , 1625.

Portable pharmacies were used by apothecaries or doctors when traveling or for urgent interventions on the sick who could not be transported. In some cases they were also used by wealthy people who, leaving for long journeys, did not forget to bring with them their travel pharmacy which contained glass bottles with medicines inside, accompanied by the relative leaflet.

The problems relating to patients with nose amputations and the related surgical reconstruction techniques were already addressed by Celsus (1st century AD) in the seventh book of “De re medica”. However, it was Gaspare Tagliacozzi (1546-1599), perfecting a method of remaking amputated noses already practiced by Calabrian surgeons, who transformed rhinoplasty from an empirical practice into a branch of surgery. The surgery involved: 1) the dissection of a flap of skin from the flexor region of the forearm; 2) the section of the distal pedicle, which was then sutured to the missing part of the nose for 20 days. The pedunculated flap adhering to the nose was cut from the arm after another two weeks. The tip of the nose, the columella and the nostrils were then modeled. Tagliacozzi's technique remained in use until the mid-twentieth century.

The cups or suckers represented between the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries one of the most common techniques, together with bloodletting, for taking blood from venous vessels. They were used to decrease the amount of blood present in the circulation and eliminate, according to the Hippocratic theory, excess mood. In fact, it was Hippocrates (5th and 4th centuries BC) who taught how to apply the suction cups and how to scarify or cut the skin to release the blood that had collected there, and to indicate the diseases against which to resort to them (including these are sciatica, earache and neuralgia). In the widespread use in medieval and modern times, the amount of blood to be eliminated was usually established by the doctor, where the practical act was carried out by the surgeon barber. In this way, therefore, a small bloodletting was carried out, certainly less risky than the use of the hands typically used for this practice.

In 1995, a burial ground with 29 pit tombs for inhumation was unearthed in Fidene (late 1st - late 2nd century AD). Great interest was aroused in Tomb 26, containing the remains of a 5-6 year old girl, laid supine, probably wrapped in a shroud, with a large hole on the right side of the frontal bone, the characteristics of which allow to exclude its origin diagenetics. Paleopathological analysis revealed that the girl underwent cranial trepanation, which she survived for a few weeks. It remains to be clarified how a child belonging to an extremely poor community could have been operated on by such an experienced doctor. Found in 1995, in a small necropolis near the ancient city of Fidene, “the girl of Fidene” represents a unique case of medicine from the imperial age.

This is an exceptional find that seems to testify in favor of a palliative type operation. The skull is very expanded and shows an ellipsoid trepanation in the right fronto-parietal region. On the exo- and intracranial surface, near the trepanation gap, there are evident signs of bone reaction which took place intra vitam. These findings suggest that the girl's brain was compromised by a tumor mass that must have induced a significant increase in intracranial pressure and that the opening of the hole in the skull was made in order to allow for expansion of the brain and relieve symptoms. .

Prototype of the first electroshock device invented by Lucio Bini (1908 - 1964), who together with Ugo Cerletti (1877 - 1963) introduced in 1938 this treatment still used today for major depressive disorders, refractory to drug therapy.

The hats or alembic helmets make up the upper part of the stills, designed to collect the vapors formed by the distillation process.

Alembic: term used to indicate a vase with a high rim. The apparatus is generally made of tinned copper inside and is used for the distillation of non-volatile liquids at not very high temperatures (eg water or alcohol). It is composed of three parts: the cucurbit or boiler, which is exposed to the heat source and which contains the liquid to be distilled; it is superimposed on the dome or capital or helmet, mostly hemispherical in shape, in which the vapors are collected and then flow into the serpentine, a tube wound into a spiral and kept cold in order to condense the vapors themselves.

The anatomical theater is the place used for public anatomical demonstrations carried out by dissecting cadavers.

Anatomical ex-votos represent a very common category of offerings in places of worship throughout the ancient Mediterranean, up to Roman Gaul. These are partial reproductions of the human body (usually sick parts) that were consecrated to healing deities, including Asclepius and many others: in fact, within the ancient Pantheon, the "healthy function" could be exercised by multiple divinities. Offering such anatomical ex-votos was a very common practice in ancient times: usually, they were deposited in a sanctuary following a vow or as a token of thanks for a healing.

Anatomical terracotta ex-voto in the shape of a face - it is thought that offerings in the shape of a face, devoid of any pathological aspect, were placed at the sanctuary to ask for relief from the invoked deity from headaches or migraines.