The so-called Arpa Estense is a precious unique artifact: not only is it a rare example of a musical instrument from the 16th century that has survived to this day, but its singular history is significant in understanding how important music was in the court life of the Italian lordships of the time. It was made in Rome in 1581, in a workshop in the circle of Giovanni Battista Giacometti. The decoration of the harp, carried out between 1587 and 1589, was entrusted to the Ferrarese painter Giulio Marescotti, however the design of the upper friezes was executed by Giuseppe Mazzuoli known as il Bastarolo. The execution of the frieze was then carried out by Orazio Lamberti, while the gilding of the same was done by Giovan Battista Rosselli. The harp, commissioned by Duke Alfonso II d'Este, was intended for the Mantuan Laura Peperara, who with Livia d'Arco and Anna Guarini created a concert of secret music, also known as the concert of the most important ladies, which made Ferrara a refined center of musical culture.